{"id":632,"date":"2023-12-26T17:02:31","date_gmt":"2023-12-26T17:02:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/valo.troispetitspoints.org\/?p=632"},"modified":"2024-12-05T14:46:32","modified_gmt":"2024-12-05T13:46:32","slug":"la-demarche-scientifique-kesako","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/valo.troispetitspoints.org\/en\/la-demarche-scientifique-kesako\/","title":{"rendered":"La d\u00e9marche scientifique : Kesako ?"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"la d\u00e9marche scientifique :  kesako ?\" width=\"790\" height=\"444\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/98LNYJ8qOEo?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pour comprendre et expliquer le r\u00e9el, les scientifiques ont invent\u00e9 au cours des si\u00e8cles de nombreuses techniques. Mais surtout, ils ont d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 une m\u00e9thode bien \u00e0 eux : la d\u00e9marche scientifique. Quels sont ses grands principes ? Comment obtenir des r\u00e9sultats fiables et tirer parti de chaque exp\u00e9rimentation ? C\u2019est \u00e0 ces questions que les scientifiques de tout temps ont essay\u00e9 de r\u00e9pondre. Si la d\u00e9marche scientifique est elle-m\u00eame toujours en constante \u00e9volution, elle repose sur des fondements solides qui ont fait leur preuves dans de nombreux laboratoires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">De la formulation d\u2019une hypoth\u00e8se \u00e0 la valorisation des recherches, les diff\u00e9rentes \u00e9tapes de la d\u00e9marche scientifique sont nombreuses : il faudra pour comprendre un ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne mettre en place nombreux protocoles, comparer des r\u00e9sultats et penser de nouveaux mod\u00e8les \u00e0 valider.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Probl\u00e9matique<br>Tout d\u2019abord, les scientifiques vont devoir d\u00e9limiter une probl\u00e9matique, une question li\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019observation d\u2019un ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne pr\u00e9cis. Dans ce laboratoire de l\u2019INSERM, C\u00e9cile se de demande avec ses \u00e9tudiants quel est le g\u00e8ne responsable de la leuc\u00e9mie, ce qui ouvrirait des portes pour la recherche d\u2019un traitement en th\u00e9rapie g\u00e9nique.<br>Cette probl\u00e9matique pos\u00e9e, il s\u2019agira d\u2019abord de la diviser en plusieurs petites questions, et de savoir lesquelles ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 \u00e9t\u00e9 trait\u00e9es par les scientifiques par le pass\u00e9. Poser une probl\u00e9matique est donc toujours un travail collectif qui n\u00e9cessite d\u2019abord de documenter les exp\u00e9riences pass\u00e9es.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-white-background-color has-background\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--80);padding-right:0;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--80);padding-left:0\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\"><h1 style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:700\" class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-site-title has-medium-font-size\"><a href=\"https:\/\/valo.troispetitspoints.org\/en\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"home\">trois petits points<\/a><\/h1>\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-site-tagline\">Scientific communication agency<\/p>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-center 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M16.804,6.116c-0.596,0-1.08,0.484-1.08,1.08 s0.484,1.08,1.08,1.08c0.596,0,1.08-0.484,1.08-1.08S17.401,6.116,16.804,6.116z\"><\/path><\/svg><span class=\"wp-block-social-link-label screen-reader-text\">Instagram<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\n<li style=\"color:#0693e3;background-color:#ffffff\" class=\"wp-social-link wp-social-link-facebook has-vivid-cyan-blue-color wp-block-social-link\"><a rel=\"noopener nofollow\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/troispetitspoints.debat\/\" class=\"wp-block-social-link-anchor\"><svg width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M12 2C6.5 2 2 6.5 2 12c0 5 3.7 9.1 8.4 9.9v-7H7.9V12h2.5V9.8c0-2.5 1.5-3.9 3.8-3.9 1.1 0 2.2.2 2.2.2v2.5h-1.3c-1.2 0-1.6.8-1.6 1.6V12h2.8l-.4 2.9h-2.3v7C18.3 21.1 22 17 22 12c0-5.5-4.5-10-10-10z\"><\/path><\/svg><span class=\"wp-block-social-link-label screen-reader-text\">Facebook<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\n<li 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M9.935,14.594l-0.001-5.62l5.404,2.82L9.935,14.594z\"><\/path><\/svg><span class=\"wp-block-social-link-label screen-reader-text\">YouTube<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hypoth\u00e8se<br>Une fois le sujet de l\u2019exp\u00e9rimentation d\u00e9limit\u00e9, les scientifiques vont formuler une hypoth\u00e8se. L\u2019enjeu sera ensuite de valider ou non cette proposition, en langage scientifique de l\u2019infirmer ou de la confirmer. Si l\u2019exp\u00e9rience est juste, l\u2019hypoth\u00e8se peut \u00eatre retenue et am\u00e9liorer notre compr\u00e9hension du ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne. Sinon, elle permettra de formuler une nouvelle hypoth\u00e8se qu\u2019il s\u2019agira \u00e0 nouveau d\u2019exp\u00e9rimenter. Au fur et \u00e0 mesure, un mod\u00e8le permettra d\u2019effectuer des pr\u00e9dictions de plus en plus pr\u00e9cises.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Protocole<br>Afin de valider l\u2019hypoth\u00e8se, le scientifique met en place des protocoles rigoureux. Souvent, il s\u2019agit de faire varier un minimum de param\u00e8tres pour bien comprendre le r\u00f4le de chaque \u00e9l\u00e9ment. Il utilise des t\u00e9moins et compare les r\u00e9sultats pour chaque modification apport\u00e9e. Souvent, le chercheur va devoir identifier les \u00e9tapes du protocole et choisir les instruments adapt\u00e9s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">R\u00e9sultat<br>Une fois le protocole mis en place, il s\u2019agit de diminuer au maximum les incertitudes. La r\u00e9p\u00e9tition de l\u2019exp\u00e9rimentation est fondamentale en science. Mais surtout, il faut pouvoir interpr\u00e9ter les r\u00e9sultats obtenus, et c\u2019est parfois le plus difficile ! . La science est un langage et chaque domaine a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 le sien. Pour exprimer les r\u00e9sultats de mani\u00e8re pr\u00e9cise, il faut les traduire avec le bon vocabulaire et utiliser le bon outil pour interpr\u00e9ter les donn\u00e9es. On ne le dit jamais assez, mais il faut parfois se m\u00e9fier des chiffres ! Mal pr\u00e9sent\u00e9s, on peut leur faire dire ce que l\u2019on veut \u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Valorization of scientific research<br>\u00c7a y est, les \u00e9quipes de recherche ont obtenu un r\u00e9sultat ! Parfois, c\u2019est celui qu\u2019ils attendaient : le mod\u00e8le est alors valid\u00e9 et une petite brique a \u00e9t\u00e9 pos\u00e9e sur le grand \u00e9difice de l\u2019innovation scientifique ! Mais ce n\u2019est pas toujours le cas\u2026 et ce n\u2019est pas grave. En sciences, le droit \u00e0 l\u2019erreur est fondamental. En effet, avec une bonne communication, l\u2019exp\u00e9rience r\u00e9alis\u00e9e, si elle n\u2019a pas fonctionn\u00e9, donnera de nombreuses informations aux chercheurs \u00e0 venir. Ils pourront comprendre pourquoi les r\u00e9sultats ne co\u00efncident pas avec la th\u00e9orie suppos\u00e9e et mettre en place de nouvelles hypoth\u00e8ses. Mieux, de nombreuses erreurs ont d\u00e9bouch\u00e9 sur de vraies d\u00e9couvertes. Le plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bre exemple : l\u2019antibiotique ! Quand \u00e0 l\u2019ampoule de Thomas Edison, il dira qu\u2019il a essay\u00e9 10000 solutions avant d\u2019en trouver une qui fonctionne. L\u2019essai, l\u2019erreur et la valorisation des recherches effectu\u00e9es, r\u00e9ussies ou non, sont donc fondamentales pour l\u2019avanc\u00e9e des sciences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cycle<br>La d\u00e9marche scientifique peut \u00eatre repr\u00e9sent\u00e9e comme un arbre aux multiples ramifications. Les scientifiques explorent uns \u00e0 uns les rameaux de cet arbre gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des protocoles sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e0 chaque branche. Quand \u00e0 la mani\u00e8re d\u2019explorer ce grand arbre, il r\u00e9serve encore de nombreuses surprises, car, ne l\u2019oublions pas : la d\u00e9marche scientifique elle-m\u00eame est un passionnant sujet de recherche !<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Une vid\u00e9o scientifique r\u00e9alis\u00e9e par www.diodeproduction.com, agence de valorisation de la recherche et r\u00e9alisation de vid\u00e9os scientifiques.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Pour comprendre et expliquer le r\u00e9el, les scientifiques ont invent\u00e9 au cours des si\u00e8cles de nombreuses techniques. Mais surtout, ils ont d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 une m\u00e9thode bien \u00e0 eux : la d\u00e9marche scientifique.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":633,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[606,303,605],"tags":[293,98,304,306,194,199,248],"class_list":["post-632","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-communication-scientifique","category-sciences-trois-petits-points","category-valorisation-de-la-recherche","tag-agriculture-durable","tag-demarche-scientifique","tag-hypothese","tag-problematique","tag-protocole","tag-recherche","tag-valorisation"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/valo.troispetitspoints.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/632","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/valo.troispetitspoints.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/valo.troispetitspoints.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/valo.troispetitspoints.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/valo.troispetitspoints.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=632"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/valo.troispetitspoints.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/632\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2468,"href":"https:\/\/valo.troispetitspoints.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/632\/revisions\/2468"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/valo.troispetitspoints.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/633"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/valo.troispetitspoints.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=632"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/valo.troispetitspoints.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=632"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/valo.troispetitspoints.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=632"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}